
                 *********************************************
                |                                             |
                |                Reference Manual             |
                |                                             |
                |               Shareware Version             |
                |                                             |
                |                    Ver 1.0                  |
                |                                             |
                |                       by                    |
                |                                             |
                |                                             |
                |               Due North Software            |
                |               344 Riviera Drive             |
                |               Thunder Bay, Ontario          |
                |               Canada    P7B 6K2             |
                |                                             |
                 *********************************************  



            This manual and the North American Wild Birds program are

                       (C) Copyright 1994 Due North Software
                             All Rights Reserved




    INTRODUCTION
    *************

    NORTH AMERICAN WILD BIRDS (NAWB) is an educational reference
    program designed to help bird enthusiasts quickly sort through the
    many species of birds that may occur in their area. This is
    accomplished by allowing users to perform searches based on the
    state or province they live in, thereby reducing the number of
    birds to look at.

    Where most reference books list birds in one specific order, NAWB
    allows the user to perform searches in many ways. Birds can be
    selected alphabetically, by type, by family or by season. Due to
    the large number of songbirds, these species can also be queried by
    field mark and size.

    After a bird has been selected other features become available. A
    brief description of field marks, preferred habitat and nesting, is
    given for most species. Abundance and status are given for each
    season. If further information is required the program will give a
    cross reference  page number to a reference book of your choice.
    Users with a compatible SVGA video card can view colour images of
    birds. Users with a 100% compatible SOUND BLASTER sound card will
    also be able to hear a selection of songs and calls for some common
    species. Upon registration the user will receive over 500 colour
    images and 136 bird songs to enhance the program. The shareware
    version contains images and sounds for five birds.

    NAWB is not designed to identify every bird that you may see in the
    field. For each species, there may be variations in plumage based
    on sex, age and season. To be able to identify every bird can take
    years of observation and study. However this program provides a
    good start by narrowing down the choices to a manageable number of
    species; it allows one to make quick comparisons between species
    and to recognize the differences between the various families of
    birds.


    SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
    --------------------

    - 386 or better IBM compatible computer. Registered version
      requires 17MB free hard disk space to fully display all images
      and sounds.

    - DOS 3.1 or greater.

    - 560K free conventional RAM.

    - VGA compatible video card; 512K SVGA card minimum required for 
      colour images.

    - Optional 100% SOUND BLASTER compatible sound card for bird songs.

    - Mouse required.



    VIDEO CONFIGURATION
    ********************

    Change to the directory where the files are located and type
    SETVIDEO to run the video detection program. This program will
    attempt to detect a compatible video card. The top half of the
    screen will give information on the video card in your computer.
    This should be verified with your video card manual. To view colour
    images your video card must have at least 512K video memory and
    support a screen resolution of 640 x 480 x 256 colours. The top
    window will tell you if your video card supports this mode. It will
    also tell you if a 100% SOUND BLASTER compatible sound card was
    detected. Under the window you will find three buttons: VIDEO MODE,
    SOUND TEST, and FORCE VIDEO.

    Video Mode

    The program will run in one of two modes:

    (1) 16 colour VGA. This is the default mode. Colour images are not
        available.

    (2) 256 colour Super VGA. With a compatible SVGA video card this
        mode will show colour images.

    The box at the bottom of the screen shows what mode the bird
    program is presently configured for. After choosing one of these
    two modes the selection is saved in a configuration file. Quit this
    program and run BIRDS.EXE. If the program runs correctly you do not
    need to run SETVIDEO again.

    If the program does not run in 16 colour VGA then the program is
    not compatible with your video card. If you have a compatible SVGA
    card and the program does not run correctly, see FORCE VIDEO below.

    Force Video

    In 256 colour SVGA mode, the program attempts to autodetect the
    video chip and memory. There may be times where the information
    detected does not match the actual hardware. This routine lets you
    select the video chip and memory manually. Here you can also select
    VESA if your video card comes with a VESA driver. If you select the
    VESA chip be sure to run the VESA driver before running BIRDS.EXE.

    Sound Test

    Press this button to check that the sound card will correctly play
    a bird song.



    NORTH AMERICAN WILD BIRDS
    **************************

    Startup
    -------

    Change to the directory that contain the files for the program and
    type BIRDS to start the program. After the introductory screens you
    will see two windows on the left half of the screen and one large
    window on the right. The top left window is the picture window, the
    bottom left window is the list window and the right hand window is
    the search screen. Along the top is the main menu. On startup the
    program always defaults to the songbird search window.

    Songbird Search Window
    -----------------------

    In NAWB all birds that have the general shape of a songbird fall
    into this category. Therefore even though a crow does not really
    have a song it is represented here. Since this category comprises
    almost 45% of all species it is necessary to enter extra
    information to narrow the choices to a manageable number. The top
    of the screen has three buttons for selecting colour, size, and
    family. The left hand boxes represent different parts of the birds
    body. The appropriate colour is entered here. The right hand boxes
    are field marks. The entry here would be a YES or NO. The SEARCH
    button will make a search based on the data that is input into the
    boxes. The RESET button will clear all the entries. When SEARCH is
    clicked on with the mouse a list of birds that match the input will
    appear in the list window. The search will bring up all birds that
    match the input criteria for the selected region.

    Colour Entry
    -------------

    The songbird database is set up such that the most prominent colour
    is entered in the DOMINANT UPPER and DOMINANT LOWER box. Upper
    parts include the head, back, rump, wings, and tail. Lower parts
    include the breast, belly, flanks, and undertail coverts. After
    entering the dominant colour for upper or lower a colour entry is
    made for other parts only if it is different from the dominant
    colour. The dominant colour would be one that represents greater
    than 75% of the upper or lower area.

    Examples:

    A crow would have Dominant Upper and Dominant Lower as black. You
    would not enter black for any other body part.

    The Eastern Bluebird would have blue as the Dominant Upper. You
    would not enter blue under the wings or head. The Dominant Under
    would be rusty. You would not enter rusty under the breast. You
    could enter white for the belly as this is a different colour from
    the Dominant Under.

    There may be times when there is no dominant colour as two colours
    occupy the same amount of area. Leave the Dominant Upper or Lower
    box blank and fill in the appropriate body part box.

    It is not necessary to fill in every box. In fact too much detail
    could lead to no matches. Only the most prominent marks and colours
    are entered in the database. Therefore if a bird has grey undertail
    coverts, it will not be entered in the database unless it is very
    conspicuous or is a critical field mark identifier.

    The best procedure is to enter the most positive colour or mark
    then make a search. Sometimes just one or two entries will narrow
    the list to one species. If the list is too long, enter your next
    best colour or mark. Repeat until you can get the list down to two
    or three entries. If your entry results in no match then it is
    possible the bird does not yet exist in the database, or the
    colours stored in the database do not match your entry. Immatures,
    some females, and seasonal plumages are not yet represented. The
    majority of the entries are of adult birds in breeding plumage.

    After clicking on the colour button the colour selected will be the
    one that is entered for the body part when clicking in the adjacent
    box. The colours are general and can represent the following:

    BLACK  - black, slate, dusky
    BLUE   - light blue, blue, dark blue
    BROWN  - light brown, sandy, brown, dark brown
    BUFF   - yellowish brown, tawny
    GREY   - light grey, grey, dark grey
    GREEN  - light green, green, dark green
    OLIVE  - greenish-yellow, olive
    ORANGE - orange
    PURPLE - purple
    RED    - pink, red, rose, dark red
    RUSTY  - reddish-brown, rusty, chestnut
    WHITE  - creamy, white, dull white, whitish-grey
    YELLOW - light yellow, yellow

    There may be times when you do not get a match even though you
    think you have the correct colour. Some colours are not noticeable
    under certain light conditions or a borderline colour is entered
    differently in the database. As an example the program may have
    buff for a colour while the user will enter yellow. On difficult
    colours it may be wise to perform two searches, one with each
    colour. Close colours are:

    - green and olive
    - buff and yellow
    - brown and rusty
    - white and grey

    A colour can be erased from any one box by clicking in the box with
    the right mouse button.

    Size Entry
    -----------

    Clicking on this button will let you enter a relative size. Some
    birds fall right on the boundary between two sizes so if a size
    entry does not turn up a match then try the next closest size.

    Family Entry
    -------------

    Clicking on this button will let you specify a family to limit your
    searches to.

    Body Part Boxes
    ---------------

    Click in the adjacent box to enter the selected colour. Click the
    box with the right mouse button to erase the entry. Note that a
    colour entry under HEAD represents a bird whose total head area is
    that colour. The head is broken down into crown, nape, cheeks, and
    throat and colour entries can be made there if the head is not a
    solid colour. The cheek patch common in warblers and sparrows would
    normally be entered here, though it may sometimes be entered under
    Mask in the field marks section. Also COVERTS represents the
    undertail coverts only.

    Field Mark Boxes
    -----------------

    Click once in the adjacent box to select YES. The search will
    include all birds that have that field mark. Click a second time in
    the box to select NO. The search will include all birds that do not
    have that field mark. Click with the right mouse button to erase
    the entry. The colours of the field mark are not relevant. The
    following is a definition of each field mark.

    Head Stripes  - Can be either bold wide stripes or a thin centre
                    stripe.

    Eyebrow       - A broad stripe over the eye.

    Eyestripe     - A thin stripe that passes through the eye.

    Eye Ring      - A ring around the eye in a contrasting colour.

    Eye Patch     - A small patch of colour around the eye. Smaller
                    than a mask.

    Mask          - A broad patch of colour similar to a mask over the
                    face.

    Wing Patch    - A large spot of colour in the wing.

    Wing Bars     - One or two thin bars on the wings.

    Crest         - Feathers on the crown giving it a peaked
                    appearance.

    Necklace      - A ring of colour around the neck or a breast band.

    Chest Spot    - A dark spot on the breast.

    Streaked Upper- Any streaks or barring on the upper back and rump.

    Streaked Lower- Any streaks, spots, or barring on the breast, belly
                    or flanks.

    Tail Edging   - Usually a white edge trim on the tail.

    Spectacles    - A combination of an eyestripe and eye ring giving
                    the appearance of spectacles.

    To become familiar with each field mark perform random searches
    with each one and check the picture to locate the mark. Certain
    field marks are very important when trying to identify a species.
    Notice whether a bird has solid colours or streaked. For Warblers
    pay close attention to head details. When looking at Flycatchers
    check for wing bars. Using the YES and NO entries wisely can
    quickly give you a match.

    Search Button
    --------------

    Click on this button to perform a search. A search will be carried
    out based on the entries you have selected, the seasons selected
    and the region. The results will be shown in the List Window
    together with the number of matches.

    Reset Button
    ------------

    Click on this button to clear all colour and field mark entries in
    the search screen.

    MENU DESCRIPTION
    *****************

    FILE
    ----

    About

    A window will appear showing the version number for the program and
    the address of the author.

    Credits

    Selecting this will bring up a window acknowledging the
    contributions of various individuals and institutions in the
    development of this program.

    Save Settings

    This will save the selected region, all the settings from the
    Search Options window, and the current reference book in the
    configuration file.


    Registration

    This window will give information on what features are available
    once a user pays the registration fee. See the file REGISTER.TXT
    for further details.

    Quit

    Selecting this will bring up a window asking for confirmation to
    exit the program.

    SEARCH MODE
    ------------

    Alphabetical

    The alphabetical list is not affected by the region entry.
    Selecting an alphabetical range will bring up all birds that begin
    with those letters. The list is sorted by the last name, therefore
    Blue Jay will be found in the 'J' section not the 'B' section. This
    allows many birds from the same family to be grouped together.

    TYPE

    One of the first things a person interested in bird observation
    must do is to be able to classify a bird into a broad group. From
    there he/she would next identify the family, then finally the
    species. NAWB has divided all the birds into nine broad categories.
    We have already dealt with the songbird type as this is what the
    program starts out with. The categories are:

    Duck-like Birds
    Gull-Like Birds
    Long-Legged Waders
    Perching Water Birds
    Small Waders
    Ground Birds
    Birds of Prey
    Songbirds
    Others

    Under OTHERS you will find several distinctive families:

    Owls
    Woodpeckers
    Hummingbirds
    Pigeons, Doves
    Swallows
    Swifts

    Each category is then sub-divided into the families of birds that
    it represents. Clicking on these families will bring up the species
    for that family in the List Window. This search is dependent on the
    selected region. If there are no birds for a particular family in
    the selected region the list box will be empty. Beside each family
    button is a short description of the general characteristics of
    that family.

    Images/Sounds

    Selecting this will bring up a list of all birds that have a song
    or image in this program. The sounds can only be heard if you have
    a 100% compatible Sound Blaster sound card. To view the images you
    must have a Super VGA compatible video card and select this mode in
    the SETVIDEO program. This version contains images and sounds for five
    birds. Upon registration the user may obtain up to 500 more images and
    136 bird songs and calls.

    REGION
    -------

    In NAWB you can select what region you want the search to take
    place in. The database contains status and abundance data for all
    Canadian provinces and territories, and forty nine American states
    including the District of Columbia. You can also select North
    America, Canada or The lower forty eight states.

    Custom List

    Registered users also have the option of creating a custom list and
    using it as the selected region. Included with the registered
    program is the Custom List Editor, a utility that allows one to
    enter any checklist and save it to be used in NAWB. With this
    utility you could enter a list for a national park, county or city.
    If breeding and abundance data is available this can be entered
    also. Included with NAWB is a custom list for the District of
    Thunder Bay in Ontario, Canada.

    OPTIONS
    --------

    Data On

    Clicking here after a bird has been selected will bring up a data
    window for the selected species. The information includes the
    family the bird belongs to and its average size from the tip of its
    beak to the end of its tail. Following this is a short description
    of its physical features, preferred habitat, and for Canadian
    breeders, nesting details. At the bottom is the bird's status and
    abundance for all seasons that it occurs in the selected region.

    Definitions

    Status

    Breeder    - A bird with confirmed nesting and breeding.

    Permanent  - A bird that is found during all seasons.

    Vagrant    - A bird occurring outside its established range during
                 migration.


    Transient  - A bird occurring within its established range during
                 migration.

    Abundance

    The abundance codes are a subjective appraisal that represents the
    number of individual birds of each species that can be encountered
    by a diligent, experienced birding party within the species
    established range and preferred major habitat type. The concept of
    habitat is important. A species may be classified as common for a
    particular habitat even though that habitat may only occupy a small
    portion of the total area of the state or province. The abundance
    codes should only be used to compare the relative abundance of
    species within the same habitat type. This is because the different
    habitat types occupy different proportions of any given state or
    province.

    Abundant  - A few birds > 90% of days OR many birds >50% of days.

    Common    - A few birds 50-90% of days OR many birds 10-50% of
                days.

    Uncommon  - A few birds 10-50% of days OR many birds <10% of days.

    Rare      - A few birds <10% of days.

    Extremely Rare - 10 or fewer records for that season.


    Data Off

    Clicking here will close an open data window.


    Centimetres/Inches

    The units of measurement for the size entry in the Data Window is
    selected here.

    Search

    Clicking here will bring up a window that lets you select what
    seasons you want the search to cover. In NAWB the data for winter
    is taken from January and February sightings only. Migration may be
    either spring or fall. To simplify the search NAWB gives the option
    of leaving out very rare birds or vagrants. 
    
    The checklist box is only applicable when using a custom region. There
    are times when a checklist has been entered without any data on 
    abundance or breeding status as it was not available. Since the program 
    normally makes searches based on the above parameters a special code is
    entered for checklist data. When the checklist box is highlighted NAWB 
    checks for this code when performing searches.



    BIRD PARTS
    ----------

    Users with a Super VGA adapter can view an image showing the major
    parts of a birds body and the details about the head. Becoming
    familiar with these terms makes it easier to enter colours and
    field marks in the songbird search screen.

    REFERENCES
    -----------

    Select Reference

    The user can select one of two reference books that the program
    uses to give cross-reference information. Registered users receive
    the Reference Book Editor utility which allows them to edit any of
    the included references plus add new ones. One could also reference
    field notes, cassette tapes, or range maps. After a bird has been
    selected, clicking on Show Page brings up a window with the
    cross-reference information. This data also comes up in the picture
    window for species where a picture is unavailable.

    CREDITS
    ********

    The development of this program would not have been possible were
    it not for the generosity and co-operation of several individuals
    and institutions.

    The status and abundance codes for birds used in this program were
    taken with permission from the DISTRIBUTIONAL CHECKLIST OF NORTH
    AMERICAN BIRDS, Volume 1 United States and Canada, by David DeSante
    and Peter Pyle, published in 1986 by Artemisia Press, P.O. Box 119,
    Lee Vining, CA, USA

    Original bird sound recordings were provided with permission by
    Lang Elliott/NatureSound Studio, P.O. Box 84, Ithaca N.Y. Complete
    recordings of these birds and other wildlife can be obtained on
    cassette or CD from Northword Press, P.O. Box 1360, Minocque, Wis.

    Text, and original paintings by J.A. Crosby, from THE BIRDS OF
    CANADA, Revised Edition(Ottawa 1986) by W.E. Godfrey. Reproduced
    with permission of The Canadian Museum of Nature.

    District of Thunder Bay checklist courtesy of the Thunder Bay
    Field Naturalists.


    TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
    *********************
   
    Any questions regarding this program can be directed to the author
    of this program - Frank Grau at the following number:
    (807) 768-8378 evenings EST Monday - Friday.

    All comments or ideas for improving the program should be directed
    to the author.  Future projects include a windows version and
    search screens for all types of birds. I am also looking for bird
    images, range maps and bird sounds to enhance the program.  All
    submissions are welcome.


